Electric Heating Systems Comparison
Comparison of electric heating systems — storage heaters, infrared panels, underfloor, and heat pumps
Electric Heating Types Compared
Understanding the options helps electricians advise customers choosing between systems, especially in properties without a gas supply.
Electric heating system comparison
Typical UK figures, 2024-2025| System | COP | Install Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Storage heaters (smart) | 1.0 | 1,500-3,000 | Off-peak tariff properties, flats |
| Panel / convector heaters | 1.0 | 500-1,500 | Low-budget, occasional use rooms |
| Infrared panels | 1.0 | 1,000-2,500 | Well-insulated rooms, spot heating |
| Electric UFH (cable/mat) | 1.0 | 2,000-4,000 | Bathrooms, kitchens, extensions |
| Air source heat pump | 3.0-4.0 | 8,000-15,000 | Whole-house, new build, BUS grant |
Install costs are for a typical 3-bed semi. Heat pump costs assume BUS grant of 7,500 pounds.
Off-Gas Properties
Running Cost Comparison
Annual running costs depend heavily on tariff type, insulation quality, and heating hours.
Estimated annual heating cost — 3-bed semi, 12,000 kWh demand
Based on Ofgem cap rates, Q1 2025| System | Tariff Rate Used | Annual Cost (approx) |
|---|---|---|
| Storage heaters | Off-peak ~12p/kWh | 1,440 |
| Panel heaters | Standard ~30p/kWh | 3,600 |
| Infrared panels | Standard ~30p/kWh | 3,600 |
| Electric UFH | Standard ~30p/kWh | 3,600 |
| Air source heat pump (COP 3.5) | Standard ~30p/kWh | 1,030 |
Actual costs vary by property size, insulation level, and usage patterns.
The heat pump advantage is clear: even on the standard tariff it costs less than storage heaters on off-peak rates. However, the upfront capital cost means the payback period can be 8-12 years without the BUS grant subsidy.
Circuit Design for Electric Heating
Typical circuit requirements
BS 7671 general installation rules| Heating Type | Circuit | Cable | Protection |
|---|---|---|---|
| Storage heater (3.4kW) | Dedicated radial | 2.5mm² T&E | 20A MCB + contactor |
| Storage heater (4.8kW) | Dedicated radial | 4mm² T&E | 20A MCB + contactor |
| Panel heater (1-2kW) | Ring or radial via FCU | Spur from ring | 13A fused connection unit |
| Electric UFH (single room) | Dedicated radial | 2.5mm² T&E | 16A MCB + thermostat |
| Heat pump (outdoor unit) | Dedicated radial | 6-10mm² T&E | 32-40A MCB (check data) |
Always check manufacturer installation instructions for specific requirements.
Storage Heater Supplies
Advising Customers
When asked to recommend a heating system, consider the property type, insulation level, available budget, and whether the customer can access off-peak tariffs. A well-insulated new build with solar PV may benefit most from a heat pump paired with battery storage. An older flat with no outside space may be limited to smart storage heaters.
Building Regulations Part L